تعلم بسهوله اهم قواعد اللغه e
تكوين الجملة الخبرية
Subject + verb + object + manner + place + time S. + V. + O. + adv.m + adv.p + adv.t • Shaimaa helps her mother actively in the kitchen every day. • Every day Shaimaa helps her mother actively in the kitchen. لاحظ أن adverb of time ممكن أن يأتي في أول الجملة أو آخرها . Subject noun pronoun the adj noun phrase - The rich - playing - To play Verb Auxiliary – helping model – defective ordinary Object noun pronoun adjective Marwa her The rich Adverb of Manner • يتكون الحال بزيادة ( Ly ) في نهاية الصفة كالآتي : quick quickly bad badly active actively beautiful beautifully • لاحظ أن هذه الكلمات تستخدم كصفة وكظرف في وقت واحد مثل : hard – late – well – fast أما هذه الكلمات فتستخدم كظرف فقط hardly – lately Place وهو يدل على أسماء الأماكن school – factory – club Time • ويستخدم فيه الكلمات الدالة على الوقت والزمان today – every day – yesterday – now – tomorrow Simple tenses Tense The present simple The past simple The future simple Formation تكوينه First conjugation of the verb - يتكون من التصريف الأول للفعل Second conjugation of the verb يتكون من التصريف الثاني للفعل * shall / will + inf. Am *Is + going to + inf. Are Usage استخدامه * للتعبير عن عادة أو هيئة أو وصف دائم * للتعبير عن حدث وقع وانتهى في الماضي |
للتعبير عن حدث سوف يقع في المستقبل
Time line × × × × × × × × × Indicators Guided words Usually – sometimes- always- after- every ..- rarely-generally- occasionally Last… - once – one day – yesterday – ago – early…- in the past – in ancient times Soon – tomorrow – in the future- tonight – next… - in a few minutes – in the evening Examples أمثلة -He usually goes to school early. -The earth moves round the sun -I was born in 1968. -They played football yesterday. -Early man lived in caves. -He will travel abroad tomorrow. -The runners are going to start soon Notes * تضاف ( S ) إلى نهاية الفعل إذا كان الفاعل مفرد غائب أو ( es ) في نفس الحالة إذا انتهى الفعل ب( ss-ch-sh-o-x) -He plays well -She catches the bus … تحذف ( y ) وتحول إلى(ies ) إذا سبقها حرف ساكن studies * يستخدم الماضي البسيط بعد wish - suppose I wish I had a car Suppose I asked you for 100 pounds. يستخدم بعد as if – if only • تستخدم هذه الأفعال للدلالة على المستقبل promise – expect- hope- want-intend-like من الممكن استخدام المضارع البسيط والمضارع المستمر للتعبير عن المستقبل يتبع |
Continuous tenses
Present continuous Past continuous Future continuous Formation Am Is + V.+ing are Was + V. + ing Were Shall + be+v. +ing well Usage استخدامه • يعبر عن حدث يقع الآن • يعبر عن حدث مستقبلي مخطط له * يعبر عن حدث كان مستمرا في الماضي عندما قطعه حدث آخر * يعبر عن حدثين كانا مستمران في الماضي • يعبر عن حدث سيكون مستمرا في المستقبل • يعبر عن حدث سوف يستمر في المستقبل Time line Indicators Guided words Now- look – listen- still – at present – at this moment – hurry up While – as - when All time tomorrow- this time tomorrow- at…O’clock tomorrow- next Examples • She is still making the beds • It is raining now • Look, the car is running madly • While I was walking in the street, I fell down • The husband was reading while the wife was cooking • When you next see me I’ll be wearing my suit • I shall be coming to your house tomorrow ملحوظة : لاحظ أن أفعال الحواس والشعور والإدراك والملكية وبعض الأفعال التي لا تأتي في صيغة الاستمرار أفعال الشعور see, hear, smell, notice, feel أفعال التفكير realize, know, understand, mean, suppose, believe, remember, remember, recollect, trust, mind أفعال العاطفةwant, desire, refuse, forgive, wish, care, hate, love, like, dislike أفعال الملكية own, owe, belong ,possess يتبع |
Perfect tenses
Present perfect Past perfect Future perfect Formation Have/has + p.p Had + p.p Shall + have + p.p Will Usage * للتعبير عن حدث وقع في الماضي ولا زال له علاقة بالحاضر أو حدث انتهى توا * للتعبير عن حدث تام وقع في الماضي قبل وقوع حدث آخر ( ماضي بسيط ) للتعبير عن حدث سوف يتم اكتمال وقوعه في المستقبل قبل أن تتم فترة زمنية معينة Time line Indicators Guided words Just- already- ever- never- since- for- yet- so far- lately -recently After- before- as soon as – no sooner……....than- hardly………….when scarcely………..when By In + future This time • I haven’t seen him since he traveled abroad. • We have lived here for ten years. • She hasn’t come yet. • After he had left his office he returned home • Before she watched T.V she had finished homework • No sooner had he found his keys than he lost them again • They will have finished the school in a year • By next October I will have joined the university • By next year we shall have built a new house يتبع |
Perfect continuous tenses
Present Perfect continuous Past Perfect continuous Future Perfect continuous Formation Have + been + v. + ing Has Had + been + v. + ing Shall + have + been + v. + ing will Usage للتعبير عن حدث بدأ في الماضي ومازال مستمرا حتى الآن أو انتهى تواً أو يمكن استمراره في المستقبل للتعبير عن الأحداث المستمرة أو المتكررة قبل حدث ماضي انتهى فعلا للتعبير عن حدث مستمر للآن أو سوف يبدأ في الاستمرار بعد قليل وسوف يستمر في المستقبل Time line Indicators Since / for + now So far / till now All this morning… After - before By / in this time + future Examples • I have been waiting for you all morning • He has been reading all afternoon • It has been raining for two hours and it still hasn’t stopped • I had been working in a shop for years before I got this job • The boy was delighted with his toy. He had been wanting it for a long time • By the end of the week they will have been living here • In this time next month we shall have been working in a new school ملحوظة : • لا يستخدم المضارع التام المستمر في المبني للمجهول ويستخدم المضارع التام بدلا منه * She has been cooking Mahshi. – Mahshi has been cooked • لا يستخدم الماضي التام المستمر في المبني للمجهول ويستخدم الماضي التام بدلا منه He had been waiting for it a long time - It had been waited for .. يتبع |
Conjugation of common Irregular verbs
تصريفات الأفعال الشاذة الشائعة Present Meaning Past Past Participle awoke يستيقظ awoke Awoke bear يلد bore Born bear يحمل bore Born beat يضرب – يهزم- يدق beat Beaten become يصبح became Become Begin يبدأ Began Begun Bend يثني – ينثني Bent Bent Bid يأمر Bade Bidden Bind يربط Bound Bound Bite يعض- يقضم Bit Bitten Bleed ينزف Bled Bled Blow يهب- يعصف Blew Blown Break يكسر – يتكسر Broke Broken Breed يربي Bred Bred Bring يحضر Brought Brought Broadcast يذيع Broadcast Broadcast Build يبني Built Built Burn يحرق- يحترق Burnt Burnt Burst ينفجر- يندفع Burst Burst Buy يشتري Bought Bought Catch يمسك Caught Caught Cast يلقي Cast Cast Choose يختار Chose Chosen Cling يتعلق بـ Clung Clung Come يأتي Came Come Cost يكلف – يساوي Cost Cost Creep يزحف Crept Crept Cut يقطع Cut Cut Deal يتعامل Dealt Dealt Dig يحفر Dug Dug Do يفعل Did Done Draw يرسم- يجر Drew Drawn Drink يشرب Drank Drunk Drive يقود- يدفع Drove Driven Dwell يقطن Dwelt Dwelt Eat يأكل Ate Eaten Fall يسقط – يقع Fell Fallen Feed يطعم- يغذي fed Fed Feel يشعر Felt Felt Fight يحارب fought Fought Find يجد found Found Flee يهرب fled Fled Fly يطير flew Flown Forget ينسى forgot Forgotten Forgive يعفو عن forgave Forgiven Freeze يتجمد froze Frozen Get يحصل على got Got Give يعطي gave Given Go يذهب went Gone Grind يطحن ground Ground Grow ينمو-يزرع-يصبح grew Grown Hang يشنق hanged Hanged Hang يعلق hung Hung Hear يسمع heard Heard Hide يخفي- يختبئ hid Hidden Hit يضرب hit Hit Hold يمسك held Held Hurt يؤذي- يضر hurt Hurt Keep يحفظ- يحتفظ بـ kept Kept Kneel يركع knelt Knelt Know يعرف knew Known Lay يضع laid Laid Lean يسند leant Leant Lie يرقد lay Lain Lie يكذب lied Lied Lead يقود led Led Leap يقفز Leapt Leapt Learn يتعلم Learnt Learnt Leave يترك Left Left Lend يقرض Lent Lent Let يدع Let Let Lose يفقد Lost Lost Make يصنع- يجعل Made Made Mean يعني Meant Meant Meet يقابل Met Met Pay يدفع Paid Paid Put يضع Put Put Read يقرأ Read Read Ride يركب rode Ridden Ring يدق rang Rung Rise ينهض- يشرق rose Risen Run يجري ran Run saw يقطع بمنشار sawed Sawn Say يقول said Said See يرى Saw Seen Seek يبحث عن Sought Sought Sell يبيع Sold Sold Send يرسل Sent Sent Set يغرب- يضع Set Set Sew يخيط – يحيك Sewed Sewn Shake يهز Shook Shaken Shine يلمع Shone Shone Shoot يطلق Shot Shot Show يرى Showed Shown Shrink ينكمش Shrank Shrunk Shut يقفل Shut Shut Sing يغني Sang Sung Sink يغرق Sank Sunk Sit يجلس Sat Sat Slay يذبح Slew Slain Sleep ينام Slept Slept Smell يشم-يعطي رائحة Smelt Smelt Sow يبذر Sowed Sown Speak يتكلم Spoke Spoken Spend يقضي- يصرف Spent Spent Spell يتهجى Spelt Spelt Spill يسكب- ينسكب Spilt Spilt Spin يغزل – يدور Span Spun Spit يبصق Spat Spat Split يشطر Split Split Spoil يفسد Spoilt Spoilt Spread ينشر – ينتشر Spread Spread Spring يقفز Sprang Sprung Stand يقف Stood Stood Steal يسرق Stole Stolen Stick يلتصق ب Stuck Stuck Sting يلدغ Stung Stung Strike يضرب Struck Struck Swear يقسم Swore Sworn Sweat يعرق Sweat Sweat Sweep يكنس Swept Swept Swell يتورم Swelled Swollen Swim يسبح Swam Swum Swing يتأرجح Swung Swung Take يأخذ Took Taken Teach يعلم Taught Taught Tear يمزق Tore Torn Tell يخبر Told Told Think يفكر – يعتقد Thought Thought Throw يلقي Threw Thrown Thrust يلقي – يدس Thrust Thrust Tread يدوس Trod Trodden Understand يفهم Understood Understood Wear يرتدي Wore Worn Weave ينسخ Wove Woven Weep يبكي Wept Wept Win يكسب Won Won Wind يلف Wound Wound write يكتب wrote Written يتبع |
إذا استخدمت for مع الماضي البسيط, فإنها تدل على أن الفعل انتهى
* I lived here for two years. " since " يأتي الفعل معها في المضارع التام ويأتي بعدها ماضي بسيط أو تاريخ ( له دلالة على بداية فترة زمنية ) . " for " يأتي الفعل معها في المضارع التام ويأتي بعدها تاريخ أو زمن ( له دلالة على وجود فترة زمنية معينة ومحددة ) . " ago " تأتي في نهاية الجملة ويكون الفعل معها في الماضي البسيط I visited the zoo two weeks ago. After + past prefect + past simple A. + present simple + present simple Before + past simple + past prefect No sooner ……… than …..…… Hardly …………... when ….…… ..…. حتى … لم يكد Scarcely …….…… when ………. تستخدم هذه الكلمات مع الماضي التام ويوضع الجزء الأول منها بين شقي الفصل ، أما إذا بدأنا بها الجملة فإن الفصل ( had ) يتقدم على الفاعل . - He had no sooner found his keys than he lost them. - No sooner he had found his keys than he lost them. - يأتي بعدها الفعل مطابقا للفاعل الأول - He, as well as I is a student. - My sister, as well as you, does not like dates. - They, as well as he, are British. - I, as well as Mr.Akmal, am a teacher of English ********. لربط جملتين مثبتتين فعلهما واحد نستخدم …. And … too - Jane is British . Frank is British - Jane is British and Frank is too both ….. and … - Both Jane and Frank are British both of them ….. - Both of them are British لربط جملتين منفيتين فعلهما واحد نستخدم and …. not …. either - Ali doesn’t speak English , Maged doesn’t speak English. - Ali doesn’t speak English and Maged doesn’t either. neither …… nor ….. - Neither Ali nor Maged speaks English. neither of them …… - Neither of them speaks English. هذا التعبير يستخدم لربط جملتين كلاهما مثبت مع مراعاة تقديم الفعل على الفاعل في الجملة الثانية ولا بد أن يكون الفعل واحد في الجملتين وعادة ما يكون فعل مساعد ، إذا لم نجد فعل مساعد نستخدم V. To be do, does مع المضارع . did مع الماضي • Murad is very tall. • Ahmed is very tall. - Murad is very tall and so is Ahmed. and nor …. – ولا - وأيضا –وكذلك هذا التعبير يستخدم لربط جملتين كلاهما منفي مع نفس الشروط السابقة • Heba isn’t beautiful • Mervat isn’t beautiful - Heba isn’t beautiful and nor is ervat But لكن تربط جملتين متناقضتين إحداهما عكس الأخرى أو إحداهما منفية والأخرى مثبتة • He is very tall. • His wife is very short. - He is very tall but his wife is very short. • Ahmad can’t play football. • Ali can play football. - Ahmad can’t play football but Ali can. Able to فعل ( مصدر ) + قادر على Capable of مفعول به ( اسم ) + قادر على • Ali is able to write the lesson. • Ali is capable of writing the lesson. يتبع |
1. Correct the following :
1. Ahmed (not go) to the cinema very often. 2. How many ********s you (speak)? 3. What time the bank (close) in Egypt? 4. I have a car but I (not use) it very often 5. Who you (meet) in the club? 6. What you (do)? 7. If you need money, why you (not get) a job? 8. I (play) the piano, but I (not) play very well. 9. I don’t understand the word deceive what it (mean)? 10. Oxygen (combine) with hydrogen to form water. 11. A car (run) with petrol. 12. There (be) 100 centimeters in a meter. 13. A triangle (have) three sides. 14. A book (be made) of paper. 15. Fire (burn). 16. People (sleep) to preserve life. 17. We (eat) to live. 18. A tape (be recorded) before it (be played). 19. Thieves (be sent) to prison. II Ask questions using words in brackets : 1. Zaki walks to school . ( why ) 2. I got very early. ( what time / usually ) 3. Raghda watches television every day. ( how often ) 4. Nabil works in an office. ( where ) 5. People do stupid things because they are bored. (why ) 6. It costs ten pounds. ( how much ) 7. Mona likes chocolate. ( what ) 8. He goes to school on foot. ( how ) III change into negative : 1. He teaches English. 2. I go there by bus. 3. He lives near his school. 4. We play tennis in the club. 5. They arrive early. IV put in suitable adverbs of frequency in the blanks: Always – usually – often – sometimes – early – never 1. The sun ……….. in the east 2. I go there once a year , but I wish I could go more ………. 3. A male bird …….. lays egg 4. It very …… rains in august here 5. She occasionally comes early , but we ……… arrives before her 6. ………. He agrees ………. He refuses V - join the following sentences using the words in brackets : 1. we’ll wait here . the plane will arrive ( until ) 2. we’ll get there . the shop will shut ( before ) 3. he’ll send me a card . he’ll know if he’s got the job ( as soon as ) 4. we’ll have lunch . we’ll finish the shopping ( after ) 5. I’ll be on holiday . you will come to Egypt ( when ) 6. We’ll stay with her . the doctor will arrive ( till ) يتبع |
I- correct the verb in brackets :
1. In ancient times the pharaohs (build) the pyramids as burial places. 2. Suppose I (get) there late what (will) happen? 3. While I was swimming someone (steal) my clothes and I( have to) walk home in my bathing costume. 4. She was cooking the food when the door bell (ring). 5. If he (work) hard, he would succeed. 6. We haven’t seen them since they (leave) our district. 7. Columbus (discover) America 400 years ago. 8. I (go) to the dentist yesterday but I ( forget ) all about it. 9. I (lie) in bad and (watch) TV yesterday. II - Make sentences : Example Go shopping / finish the housework (after) - I went shopping after I had finished the housework 1. Make these notes / read the book ( when ) 2. Write to Areeg / put Noha to bed ( as soon as ) 3. Not bark my car / find a space ( until ) 4. Eat my supper / iron the shirts ( when ) The Simple Future Tense المستقبل البسيط I - Join the following sentences using the words in brackets : 1. We’ll wait here. The plane will arrive ( until ) 2. We well get there. The shop will shut ( before ) 3. He’ll send me a card. He’ll know if he’s got the job ( as soon as) 4. We’ll have lunch. We’ll finish the shopping ( after ) 5. I’ll be on holiday. You will come to Egypt ( when ) 6. We’ll stay with her. The doctor will arrive ( till ) II - put the verbs into the correct from using “ will “ or “ going to “ : Example : • A : why are you turning on the television ? B : I’m going to ( watch ) the news • A : Oh, I’ve just realized. I haven’t got any money. B : don’t worry – that’s no problems. I’ll lend you some. • A : Those clouds are very black, aren’t they ? B : I think it is going to rain. • 1 – A : I have got a terrible headache. B : Have you ? Wait there and I ……. ( get ) and aspirin for you. • 2 – A : why are you filling that bucket with water ? B : I ……. ( wash ) the car • 3 – A : I have decided to repaint this room B : Oh , have you ? what color ……. ( you / paint ) it ? • 4 – A : look ! there is smoke coming out of that house. It is on fire! B : Good heavens ! I …… ( call ) the fire – brigade immediately • 5 – A : the ceiling in this room doesn’t look very safe, does it ? B : No , it looks as if it ……. ( fall ) down. • 6 – A : we are you going ? are you going shopping? B : yes , I ……. ( buy ) something for dinner. • 7 – A : I can’t work out how to use this camera. B : It is quite easy . I …… ( show ) you. • 8 – A : what would you like to drink – tea or coffee ? B : I …….. ( have ) tea . please. • 9 – A : has Samir decided on what to do when he leaves school ? B : Oh yes , every thing is planned . he …….. ( have ) a holiday for a few weeks and then he …… ( start ) a computer programming course. • 10 – A : Did you post the letter for me ? B : I am sorry I completely forgot . I ……. ( do ) it now. • 11 – A : What shall we have for dinner ? B : I don’t know I can’t make up my mind • A : come on , hurry up ! make a decision ! B : Okay then . we ………. ( have ) chicken • 12 – Samir : we need some bread for lunch . Nabil : Oh, do we? I ……. ( go ) to the shop and get some . I feel like a walk يتبع |
other ways of expressing the future :
The following ways are more concerned with intention, plans, arrangement, etc. than with simple prediction. I- A ) be to (when the action is subject to human control, is a formal arrangement, a public duty, a public notice or formal instructions) A – I am to see him tomorrow B – The OPEC minister are to meet in Paris next Thursday. C – You are to deliver these flowers before six. D – These tablets are to be taken twice a day. E – You are to tell him any thing. ( you must not ) F – Poison : NOT TO BE TAKEN B ) BE about to : on the point of A – The race is about to start B – They are on the point of starting C ) be due (usually associated with transport time – tables) a – The sleeping train is due to arrive from Aswan at 11.30. b - the sleeping train from Aswan isn’t due till 11.30. II – The progressive present ( present continuous ) (For planned actions as a change or exception from the routine) (We generally use an adverb to present confusion with < action in progress > at the time of speaking) A – I am seeing him tomorrow. B – We are spending next winter in Australia. C – My father is retiring in the summer. He’s getting old. يتبع |
الساعة الآن 06:14 PM |
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