[شلمار]

THE CAUSATIVE “HAVE”

المبني للمجهول باستخدام "Have" – الفعل المنسوب لغير مذكور.
• وعادة ما يأتي الفعل السببي مع الأفعال الآتية :
Clean, print, polish, cut, service, repair, deliver, decorate, press.

Noun المستفيد + v. To Have + object + p. p

* The mechanic repaired my car.
- I had my car repaired.

Noun المستفيد + v. To Have + object (ind.) + inf. + object (dir)

* The mechanic repaired my car.
- I had the mechanic repair my car.

** The maid has cleaned my room.
- I have had my room cleaned.
- I have had the maid clean my room.


DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
Statement الجملة الخبرية
* Subject + verb + ……….
الجملة الخبرية هي الجملة التي ليست أمرية أو استفهامية . ولتحويل الجملة الخبرية – الكلام المباشر إلى غير مباشر تتبع الخطوات التالية
1- إذا كان فعل القول ماضيا فإن said to تحول إلى told أما said فقط تظل كما هي.
2- تحذف الأقواس ونضع كلمة that بدلا منها كأداة ربط ( ويمكن الاستغناء عنها ) ويلزم وضعها إذا جاءت بعد أي فعل آخر مثل
protest, point to , object, explain, complain…….
3- تحول الضمائر سواء في حالة الفاعل أو المفعول به أو الملكية بحيث تعود على الفاعل والمفعول خارج الأقواس حسب المعنى ، وغالبا ما تكون كالآتي
D. Ind. فاعل D. Ind. مفعول D. Ind. ملكية
I He , she Me Him, her My Her, his
we They Us Them Your My, his, her
He He You Me, him Our Their
she she him him his His

4- تحول الأزمنة كالآتي ( يُرفع الفعل درجة ):
direct Indirect
Present simple Past simple
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect Past perfect
Past simple Past perfect
Was, were Had been
Shall, will Should, would
Can Could
Must Must, had to


تحول بعض الكلمات كالآتي
Direct Indirect
this That
these Those
here There
now Then
today That day
tonight That night
tomorrow The next day
Tomorrow morning The next morning
Next week, month The following week, month
yesterday The day before
Last night The night before
Ago Before
Come Go
The day before yesterday Two days before
The day after tomorrow In two days time
• He said to me , “ I went to the zoo yesterday”.
- He told me (that) he had gone to the zoo the day before.
• She said, “ this was my house”.
- She said (that) that had been her house.
• He said “I had a car” .
- He said (that) he had had a car .
• He said to her “ I’m here to help you .”
- He told here that he was there to help her .
ملاحظات هامة جداً على الجملة الخبرية :
• She says ,” I usually visit my grand ma every week “.
- She says (that) she usually visits her grand ma every week .
• إذا كان فعل القول فى زمن المضارع البسيط أو المستقبل البسيط فإن الأزمنة والظروف وأسماء الإشارة لا تتغير فى التحويل، ويكون التغيير فى الضمائر فقط .
• لا تتغير الأزمنة إذا كان الفعل يعبر عن حقيقة مطلقة أو حدث منذ فترة قصيرة جدا أو أن الحدث دائم ومتكرر .
* He said “ the earth is round “ .
- He said (that) the earth is round .
• He said to me “I’m glad to meet you.”
……………………………………………………………………….
- She told her friend (that she gets up at 6 o’clock every morning.
* إذا كان الكلام المباشر يحتوي على جملتين خبريتين تربطهما معاً بالعبارة and ، added that أو and that
• Tamer said “I know that it is wrong” “I shall try to do it better tomorrow .”
- Tamer said (that) he know that it was wrong and added that he would try to do it better the next day .
• إذا كان المخاطب داخل الأقواس فانه يوضع بعد فعل القول عند التحويل .
وإذا جاءت جملة القول في آخر الجملة الخبرية على صورة said he أو he said فإننا نبدأ بها الجملة عند التحويل .
• “ I want to dine with you Shaimaa .”, said Faten .
- Faten told Shaimaa that she wanted to dine with her .
* إذا بدأت جملة الحديث المباشر بـyes فإننا نحولها إلى agreed أو answered in affirmative بدلا من (said ) وإذا بدأت بـ no فإننا نحولsaid إلى refused أو answered in the negative
• Mai said , “ yes , this is Marwa’s house .”
- Mai answered in affirmative ( that ) that was Marwa’s house .
• Amal said, “No, I’m sorry”.
- Amal answered in the negative (that) she was Sorry .
* إذا كانت جملة الحديث المباشر على صورة تحية مثل( Good morning) فإنsaid تحول إلى wished
• Haitham said, "Good morning”
Haitham wished me good morning .
• إذا جاءت فى جملة الحديث المباشر كلمة وداع مثل “Good bye” فإنsaid تحول إلى bade ( أى الماضي من bid يودع )
* Amany said to Abla , “Good bye”. “I shall see you tomorrow”.
-Amany bade Abla good bye and added that she would see her the following day .
• إذا جاءت العبارةcome here فى الكلام المباشر تحول إلىgo there فى الكلام الغير مباشر.
• She said to me ,” I shall come here tomorrow “.
- She told me (that) she would go there the next day .
• إذا جاءت كلمة شكر فى الكلام المباشر تحول said إلى thanked
• Bushra said to me ,” Thank you very much”.
- Bushra thanked me very much .
• التعبيرات الآتية لا تتغير عند التحويل إلى الكلام الغير مباشر.
should like would like had better
• He said to me , “ you’d better get up early”
• He advised me that I’d better get early.

كيفية تحويل الكلام الغير مباشر إلى الكلام المباشر في الجملة الخبرية
1- تحول told إلى .said to
2- نحذف that إن وجدت ونضع بدلا منها الفاصلة والأقواس .
3- نغير الضمائر من الغائب إلى المتكلم والمخاطب حسب المعنى .
4- نغير الأزمنة من الماضي التام إلى الماضي البسيط أو من الماضي البسيط إلى المضارع البسيط .
5- تراعى الظروف وأدوات الإشارة التي في الجدول كل فيما يقابله.
6- يجب مراعاة الحالات الخاصة والأفعال التي لا تتغير.
• She told her mother that she had gone to the zoo with a friend of hers.
- She said to her mother , “ I went to the zoo with a friend of mine”.
• Ahmed told Magda that he wished he knew.
- Ahmed said to Magda ,”I wish I knew”.

يتبع

[شلمار]

2- Questions الأسئلة - الجملة الاستفهامية
* لتحويل السؤال إلى Indirect اتبع الآتي:
1- خارج الأقواس Indirect Direct
say ask, enquire , want to know
shall say shall ask, shall enquire
said, said to asked, enquired
asked wanted to know
2- إذا كان السؤال داخل الأقواس بـ " هل " فعند التحويل تحذف الأقواس ونربط بـ whether أو If وتحذف do, does , did .
3- أما إذا كان السؤال بأداة استفهام فإننا نحذف الأقواس وتوضع أداة استفهام كما هي ( تعتبر أداة ربط )
4- يحول السؤال إلى جملة خبرية بمعنى أن يوضع الفاعل قبل الفعل .
5- نتبع إجراءات وجداول التحويل كما سبق ذكرها في الجملة الخبرية
• Ali said to his friend , “ why were you absent yesterday?”, ”Were you ill ?”
- Ali asked his friend why he had been absent the day before and if he had been ill.
• I said to Dalya , “ don’t you believe this story?”
- I asked Dalya if she didn’t believe that story.
6- إذا وجدت yes أو No في الكلام المباشر ردا على سؤال بالنفي أو الإثبات فإننا نردها إلى عبارتها في الجملة الخبرية
• Ahmed said to me ,” Did you write the letter?” I replied, ”yes” / “No”
- Ahmed asked me if I had written the letter and I replied that I had. / but I replied I hadn’t.

• هناك أسئلة تعبر عن الطلب مثل:

• “ What shall I say mother ?” she said.
• She asked her mother what she would say.

• هناك أسئلة تعبر عن الغرض
• He said , “ shall I bring you a drink?”
• He offered to bring me a drink.

• هناك أسئلة تعبر عن الاقتراح:
• He said, “ shall we meet at the club?”
• He suggested meeting at the club.
لاحظ جيدا هذه الحالات الخاصة :
* He said,” would you mind opening the window?”
He asked me wanted me to open the ********
* He said , “ would you like to have a drink ?”
He suggested having a drink.
* She said to her friend, “ would you like some tea?”
She offered her friend some tea.
* “What about tea?” - He suggested tea.
* “ What about going to the cinema tonight?” , he said.
He suggested going to the cinema that night.
* “ Why don’t you ask him?” she said.
She suggested asking him.
* “Could I have a cup of tea?” she said.
She asked for a cup of tea.
* “Could you give me a pen, please?” he said.
He asked me to give him a pen.
“ Shall we be in time?” said he.
He wandered if they would be in time.

3- Command and Request
الأمر والطلب
1- يحول فعل الأمر كالآتي:
الأمر ordered - التأدب asked - التساوي told - التحذير warned - النصيحة advised – التوسل begged – prayed للتذكير reminded - للتهديد threatened للرغبة wanted
2- تحذف الأقواس وتربط ب to + inf. في الإثبات أو not to + inf. في النفي.
3- تحول الضمائر والأزمنة والظروف كما سبق شرحها.
* Ali said to me , “ turn on the light.”
Ali told me to turn on the light.
* He said to me ,” Don’t touch this wire.”
He warned me not to touch that wire.
* She said, “ Remember to thank Mr. Akmal.
She reminded him to thank Mr. Akmal.
ملاحظات هامة في الجملة الأمرية:
* “ Come with me.” Said he.
He suggested that I should go with him.
or, He suggested (my) going with him.
* She said, “ Don’t make so much noise.”
-She suggested that I shouldn’t make so much noise.
* He said, “ Let’s go to the mosque.” ( suggestion) اقتراح
- He suggested that we should go to mosque.
* I said,“ let him come with us, mother.” ( allowing ) سماح
- I asked my mother to let him go with us.
* “ Let’s sell the house “ Mr. Ali said “ lets not “ said Hanna
- Mr. Ali suggested selling the house but Hanna was against it
* “ Go on , Nagi , hit him “ he said
- She urged Nagi to hit the other boy.

 4 – Exclamation التعجب 
1 – حول فعل القول إلى exclaimed مضافا إليها بعض العبارات لتوضيح المعنى مثل : أسف with sorrow - فرح with joy - دهشة with surprise - ندم with regret - غضبwith anger - إعجاب with admiration
2 – اتبع نفس خطوات التحويل السابقة ذكرها في الجملة الخبرية
* The tourist said “ what a great pyramid!”
The tourist exclaimed with admiration that the pyramid is very great
* The boys said “ hurrah! We have won the match”.
The boys exclaimed with joy that they had won the match
* He shouted “ what a mistake I have made”.
He exclaimed with regret that he had made a mistake
* The merchant said “ Alas I have lost all my wealth.”
The merchant exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost all his wealth.
لاحظ أن الكلمات الآتية الدالة على التعجب تحذف عند التحويل
يا خسارة ، واأسفاه Alas , وافرحتاه Hurrah How, Oh, What,
* Do as shown in brackets :
1- “I’ll for yet the money if I marry your daughter “. Pedro said to him.
( Reported speech )
2- He told me he speaks English . ( Begin : “He said ….” ) .
3- He said to her, “ would you like to visit me at seven?”
( Reported speech )
4- She said to him just now , “ I haven’t replied to this letter .”
( Reported speech )
5- He said just now , “ I’m going to buy a new car”
( Indirect )
6- “ Shall we wait till the others come ? “
( Begin with , She wanted to know …….. )
7- “ Eat up your dinner at once or I’ll punish you . ( Reported )

GENERAL EXERCISES ON REPORTED SPEECH

Do as shown in brackets :
1. He said to her , “ you haven’t got much time”.
( Begin with : He told her …… )
2. Yesterday he said to her , “ You haven’t got much time”.
( Change into Reported speech )
3. Mother always says she is tired.
( Give the actual words )
4. My friends think car is newer than mine .
( What do they actually say ?)
5. I went to the cinema with my uncle .
( Begin with : He said that ……..)
6. “ Will this medicine cure they baby’s spots ?”
( Rewrite beginning with : I want to know ……)
7. “ Shall we have time to finish ?”( Begin with : They wondered …….)
8. Shall we wait till the others come ? ( Begin with : They wanted to know ……..)

9. He said to his friend, “ Would you like to go to the club with me?”
( change into reported speech )
10. “ Why didn’t you watch last night’s film on television “ I said to him .
( Begin with : I asked him ……….)
11. His mother said to him, “ Have you eaten all your food?“
( Begin with : His mother asked him ……….)
12. The inspector asked him if he always caught such an early train.
(Begin with : The inspector said to him ………..)
13. She said to her friend , “ Make haste . don’t forget your bag “
(Begin with : She asked her friend ……….)
14. He said to me . “ I can’t do it now , but I’ll finish it tomorrow “
( Begin with : He told me …………)
15. “ Shall we have dinner somewhere after the theater ? “ said Ahmed .
( Begin with : Ahmed suggested ………..)
16. “ Where will you be tomorrow in case I had to ring you ? “ I said
( Begin with : I asked …………..)
17. “ Shall I ever see hem again ? “ she said .
( Begin with : She wondered ………….)
18. “ Would you mind getting out of the car ? said the driver . I have to change a wheel”. ( Begin with : The driver asked me ……..)
19. “I’ve run out of petrol”, said the man “could you possibly give me a lift to the next village ?” ( Begin with : The man said ………)
20. “ Shall we go for a walk “ said Ali .
( Begin with : Ali suggested …………)
21. “Would you like a cigarette ? “ said he .
( Begin with : He offered ………..)
22. “ Can he wait a few minutes longer ? “ I said .
( Begin with : I wonder …………)
23. “ Where did you fined the bag you lost yesterday ? “
( Begin with : He asked her ……….)
24. “Could I see your driving license ? “ said the policeman .
( Begin with : The policeman asked ………..)
يتبع

[شلمار]

II. Change into direct speech :
1. The inspector asked the man if he always caught such an early train .
2. I asked her why she had been absent the day before .
3. He advised me to work harder and not to waste my time .
4. He wanted to know if had taken my breakfast and when I was going to leave .
5. She asked her friend when she was going to get married .
6. The police officer asked me whether I had seen the thief .
7. He offered me a cup of tea .
8. He suggested going a head and getting the tickets .
9. She told me to look where I was going as the road was full of holes and very badly lit .
10. He begged his father to forgive his mistake and promised not to make it again .
11. My friend told me to think well before I answered .
12. She asked me why I was pleased with that small modern house.
13. The father asked his son not to forget to post the letter .
14. He asked me to lend him my camera .

III. Choose the correct answer from those given in brackets.
1. She said that she never (work , worked , has worked , would work ) on Sundays .
2. Sami said that he (has finished , finished , finishing , had finished ) then .
3. Ali (suggested , told , asked , said ) if father would arrive the next day.
4. Tom asked Sam (if he has, why he had, why he has, why had he) been late.
5. My father (asked, insisted, said, told) me to work hard to succeed.
6. He asked me if I ( know , knew , known , knows ) what was inside the package .
7. I told him that the weather ( was , would be , had been , is ) fine the next day .
8. They said that they were tired and ( need , needed , ask , asked ) some rest .
9. He warned me that if I (went , go , had gone , would go ) to swim I would be drowned .
10. She asked me if I ( will help , to help , helped , help ) her .
11. She ( wanted , asked , exclaimed , ordered ) that her dress was fine .
12. He asked me ( not to use , if I didn’t use , did not use , if I had used ) that new car , and said I hadn’t .
13. Our leader says that we ( have to be , had to be , had been , have been ) well prepared .
14. He told me ( that I put , to put , will put , should put ) it on the table .
15. He advised me (to speak , not speak, speak no , not speaking ) until I was spoken to .
16. They ( asked , advised , claimed , ordered ) her to sing a song .
17. The doctor told him (that take , took , to take , taking ) rest .
18. The teacher (asked , advised , begged , told ) me to clean the blackboard.
19. I told her ( not to drop it , to drop it , dropped it , shouldn’t drop it ) or it would break .
20. He advised me to work hard otherwise I ( to fail , failed , would fail , can fail) .
21. When he entered the room the boss asked him (to come here , to come in , to go there , went there ) .
22. The patient asked (if he looks, what he looked, if he looked , how he looked ) all right .
23. I asked him where (he would be, would he be, was he , he is ) the following day .
24. He asked the tourist when she (will , would , would have , must) come again .

PREPOSTIONS

1 a) At, In, Off ( showing place, position ) تبين الموقع أو المكان
b) In, With ( describing people and their possessions )
تصف الناس وممتلكاتهم
(a) *At is used with address ( number or name of a house, etc. ) or to indicate a certain point.
تستخدم at مع عنوان ( رقم أو اسم المنزل ) أو لتبين موقعا معينا
He lives at 28, Shoubra Street.
A large crowd was waiting at the bus-stop.
* In indicates an enclosed space تبين موقعا محدودا
There were a lot of people in the street.
I would like to live in a warm country.
He lives in Berlin.
Note
In or at may be used with the same noun, but there is a slight difference in meaning.
قد تستخدم in أو at مع نفس الاسم ولكن هناك اختلاف في المعنى.
At means inside, just outside or just beside.
( i.e. the exact position is not clear.) ( الموقع الدقيق غير واضح )

In means inside only.
Compare:
(We are not sure whether I’ll see you at hotel.
This means at the entrance, just outside or inside the hotel ) .
I’ll see you in the hotel. (Here, We know we must go inside the hotel ).
* Off indicates separation and is, generally speaking the opposite of on. عن الانفصال ) off تعبر )
( The lid was on the jar.) The lid came off easily.
( You have your coat on ). Take your coat off.
b) * In is also used to describe what someone is wearing.
تستخدم in أيضا لتصف ما يلبسه شخص.
She was (dressed) in blue jeans.
* With indicates something that is a part of or accompanying a person or thing.
تدل with عن شىء هو جزء أو مصاحب لشخص أو شىء
The man with long hair is a poet.
The woman with the brown handbag is my mother.
2 Prepositions used with certain phrases to express time .
حروف جر تستخدم مع عبارات معينة لتعبر عن الزمن
• At is used to show :
a) a point of time . وقت محدد
at 2 o’clock ; at sunset ; at night ; at tea-time ; at any time : at any moment .
b) age. العمر أو السن
at ( the age of ) twenty .
• In is used :
a) before months. قبل الشهور
in January / February / etc.
b) before years. قبل السنين
in 1952 ; in the year 1973.
c) before seasons . قبل الفصول
in (the) winter / summer / etc.
d) before a period of the day . قبل فترة من اليوم
in the morning / evening . ( but at night )
• On is used :
a) with days مع الأيام on Friday / Saturday / etc.
on the first day of the month .
b) with dates : مع التاريخ on 20th May , etc.
c) in phrases such as : on that winter morning ; on a summer afternoon .
• from……till (until) : for “a period of time”
He stayed with me from 6 till 8 .
• during
a) throughout طول : during the night .
b) at a point of time within a period . أثناء
He spoke twice during the meeting .
* until / till : حتى . إلى أن up to that time .
He will not arrive until 10 o’clock .


يتبع

[شلمار]

Preposition indicating Direction:
حروف الجر التى تدل على أو تشير إلى الجهة أو الاتجاه
To : in the direction of (a place).
He flew to Washington last night.
From : indicates movement away ( from a place ) من
He returned from Paris last week .
Into : indicates motion or direction to a point within إلى الداخل
She has just gone into the kitchen .
Out of : ( a place ) outside of إلى الخارج
I threw the piece of paper out of the window .
For : is used with certain verbs like set out , leave , sail
To indicate the destination المكان المقصود of a journey .
We set out for the village early next morning .
Towards : indicates direction approaching (a place)
تدل على وجهة للاقتراب (من مكان )
She swam towards the shore .
At : indicating direction .
He looked at me .
Note : at used with certain verbs suggests توحى
“aggressiveness” عدوان or rudeness وقاحة
He threw a stone at the dog .(in order to hit the dog)
It’s rude من الوقاحة to point at people .

Verbs followed by prepositions :
OF ( of أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
يؤكد:
يشكو من:
يشفى من :
يتوقع:
يستشم منه:
متعب من : assure
complain
cure
expect
smell
tired يوافق:
يفتخر بـ:
يقنع بـ:
يحلم:
يتخلص:
يتأمل في: approve
boast
convince
dream
get rid
think يتهم :
يحذر:
يتكون من :
ييأس من:
يسمع عن :
يشتبه في : accuse
beware
consist
despair
hear
suspect
FROM ( from أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
يطلب من :
يهرب:
يمنع:
يتلقى من :
يفصل عن: demand
escape
prevent
receive
separate يقي من :
يطرد:
يعيق :
يقي أو يحمي:
defend
dismiss
hinder
protect
يقترض:
يختلف عن :
يعفى من :
يعاني من: borrow
differ
excuse
suffer
IN ( in أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
يعمل في:
خبرة في:
يتضمن:
يهتم بـ:
يساهم(يشارك) في: employ (ed )
experience (d)
include
interest (ed)
share يفرح بـ:
ينهمك:
يساعد:
يعلم:
يصر على: delight
engage(d)
help
instruct
persist يؤمن بـ:
يشجع:
يفشل في :
ينغمس في : believe
encourage
fail
indulge

ON (on أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
يزور شخصاً
يركز
يهنئ بـ:
يصمم على:
يقتات بـ:
يجري عملية على : call
concentrate
congratulate
decide
live
operate يبني على :
يعلق على:
يقتصد:
يصر على:
يتكئ على:
يعتمد على: base(d)
comment
economize
insist
lean
rely يعمل وفق:
يستشير:
يعتمد على:
يقوم بتجربة على:
يعزف على:
يكتب عن : act
consult
depend
experiment

perform
write
To ( to أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
ينطبق على:
يشبه أو يقارن:
يعني بـ:
يتحدى، يعترض على:
يعترف لـ:
يصغي:
يهتم بـ:
يستسلم: apply
compare
attend
challenge
confess
listen
see(to)
yield يعتاد على :
ينتمي إلى :
يحكم على:
يوافق:
يشير:
يحول:
يفضل على(عن):
يستسلم: accustom
belong
condemn
consent
mention
convert
prefer
surrender
AT (at أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
يندهش:
يقرع على:
يصيح:
ينظر إلى:
يدهش: astonish
knock
exclaim stare
look
surprised يصل إلى:
يلمح:
يصدم:
يعمل arrive
glance
shocked
work يضحك من :
يخمن :
يشير :
يعجب: amuse(d)
guess
point
wonder
FOR (for أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
يعتذر:
يعلل:
يلوم:
يقايض:
يخزن:
ينهض بأعباء كذا:
يصوت (لصالح): apologize
account
blame
exchange
mourn
provide
vote يقوم (مقام):
يعرج على شخص ليذهب معه:
يبحث عن:
يتهم:
يجهز:
يشكر: act
call

look
charge
prepare
thank يطلب:
يلتمس:
يأمل:
يدفع الثمن:
يحسبه شخصاً أو شيئاً آخر:
ينتظر
يبحث: ask
beg
hope
pay
mistake
wait
search
WITH ( with أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
يتصل:
يتنافس مع:
ينهي بـ:
يساعد:
يشغل بـ:
يتشاجر مع:
يرضى: communicate
compete
finish
help
occupy
quarrel
satisfy يبدأ:
يخلط بين:
يكون على مستوى كذا:
يتوافق:
يخلط بـ:
يسر
يجادل: begin
confuse
cope
correspond
mix
pleased
reason يتفق:
يقارن بـ:
يتباين :
يشمئز:
يتدخل في :
يتخلى عن : agree
compare
contrast
disgust
interfere
part
يتبع

[شلمار]

Adjectives followed by prepositions:
صفات تتبعها حروف جر
for , with , of , at , from , in , on , and about
For
Eager شغوف enough كافي sufficient, كاف famous, مشهور fit لائق grateful, شاكر qualified, مؤهل ready مستعد responsible مسئول عن sorry آسف thankful شاكر

With

Angry ( with someone) غاضب من busy مشغول ******* قانع ، مسرور familiar معتاد على patient صبور popular محبوب

Of

Afraid خائف ahead إلى الأمام aware عارف بـ capable نادر careful حريص certain متأكد conscious دار بـ envious حسود
Fond مغرم guilty مذنب ignorant جاهل independent مستقل

jealous غيور North/south /east / west إلى الشمال / الجنوب/ الشرق/ الغرب من short of يعوزه shy خجول sure أكيد worthy جدير بـ

TO

Close قريب من contrary على عكس cruel قاس dear عزيز equal مساو faithful مخلص fatal مميت harmful ضار indifferent غير مكترث inferior أدنى مرتبة liable عرضة لكذا obedient مطيع obvious واضح polite مؤدب previous سابق rude وقح sensitive حساس similar مشابه useful نافع grateful شاكر

AT

Bad رديء clever ماهر efficient كفء expert خبير good جيد indignant ساخط quick سريع sad حزين slow بطيء

FROM

Away from بعيدا عن different from مختلف عن far from بعيدا عن save from في مأمن من

IN

Fortunate سعيد الحظ honest أمين weak ضعيف

ON

Dependent متوقف على intent منصب على keen جاد

ABOUT

Curious فضولي doubtful مرتاب enthusiastic متحمس
Reluctant كاره ل right على صواب uneasy قلق


REVISION EXERCISE ON PREPOSITION

(A) Choose the correct preposition between brackets:
1. He accused the man (for- of- by) theft .
2. I am accustomed (with – by – to) hot weather.
3. The girl is afraid (from – of- by ) the dog .
4. He aimed ( on – against – at ) the bird.
5. The teacher was angry ( against – with – at ) him .
6. He was angry ( at – with – from ) the weather .
7. They are anxious قلق (for- about- with) his health .
8. Parents are anxious يتلهف ( for – about – with ) the children’s success .
9. We arrived (to – at – in ) the village at night .
10. He is now ashamed (from – with – of ) his conduct .
11. People must not believe ( of - to – in ) ghosts .
12. She has boasted تفاخر (for – with – of) her riches .
13. He is very careful (with – in – of ) her riches .
14. He came (with – for – by) train .
15. Many people complain (by – for – of) the heat.
16. I have great confidence (in – to – for) him .
17. I congratulate you (for – with – on) your success .
18. A year consists (from – by – of) twelve months .
19. The mountains are covered (by – with – of) snow .
20. The man was cured (from – of – against) his illness .
21. The man depended (from – of – on) himself .
22. Many people have died (from – with – of) malaria .
23. I was disappointed (from – by – in) his work .
24. My book is different (than – to – from) yours .
25. I divided the cake (to – in – into) four parts .
26. I have no doubt (for – of – in) his ability .
27. The woman was dressed (with – in – by) black .
28. This is an exception ( of – from – to ) the rule.
29. He failed ( from – with – in ) geography last year.
30. The jar was full ( from – of – with ) oil.
31. I shall be glad to get rid ( for – from – of ) him.
32. I am glad ( of – from – with ) the news.
33. My brother is good( in – for – at ) history.
34. He is ( week in- at – with ) grammar.
35. He always insists ( about – for – on ) his opinion.
36. She is not interested ( for – with – in ) her work.
37. He is very jealous ( from – of – with ) his brother.
38. They are leaving ( to – for – towards) England.
39. He lives ( on – from- by ) his brother’s money.
40. Look ( to – for – at ) this beautiful picture.
41. She was married ( with - to – by ) a rich man.
42. Their house is opposite ( with – from – to ) ours.
43. He plays ( with – by – for ) that team.
44. The teacher is pleased ( by – with – from ) me.
45. They are pleased ( at – for – about ) what she said.
46. I prefer a blue pen ( from – to – for ) a red one.
47. He is very proud ( with – from – of ) his father.
48. Are you satisfied ( by – from – with ) your marks?
49. The teacher often sits ( on - at – by ) his disk.
50. I hope he will succeed ( at – in – by ) his work.
51. I am sure ( of – by – for ) his honesty.
52. We were surprised ( for – with – at ) his failure.
53. Th boys are tired ( by – from – of ) boiled eggs.
54. He translated the passage ( to – into – with ) Arabic.
55. I have written the letter ( by – in – with ) ink.
56. He prevented me ( to form- by ) going to the cinema.
57. He always thinks ( in- of – by ) going to England.
58. He had no difficulty ( at – for – in ) doing it.

WORD ORDER
6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time/ subject / verb / object or complement / manner / place / time
- He read the letter quickly in his office before lunch.
- The Nile runs through Egypt.
يتبع

[شلمار]

KIN‎DS OF SENTENCES

1- الجملة البسيطة The simple sentence
2- الجملة المركبة The compound sentence
3- الجملة المعقدة The complex sentence






THE SIMPLE SENTENCE:-
تتكون من فاعل + فعل أساسي واحد + مفعول به


Two Simple sentences
1- The soldiers are on the front lines.
2- They protect our lines.
One combined sentence.
* The soldiers on the front lines
Protect our lines.
عبارة وصفية (adjectival phrase )

1- He had finished his composition.
2- He revised it * Having finished his
composition he revised it.
تعبير من اسم الفاعل (participial phrase)

1- Mancy wrote his composition.
2 – No one helped him. * He wrote his composition
Without help from any one.
( preposition )

1- He went to Atreeb.
2- He wished to visit Mr. Akmal. * He went to Atreeb to visit
Mr. Akmal.
( the infinitive)

1- Desokey was weak.
2- He could not walk. * Desokey was too weak
To walk. (the infinitive )

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE
تتكون من جملتين بسيطتين مربوطتين بأداة ربط معينة مثل :-
and / and so / and nor / both … and …/ neither … nor…/
..not only ….but also…/ not only……but ……as well / as well as/
*but / yet / however/ nevertheless /
*thus / so / therefore / hence / consequently /
*either ……. Or ….. / …. Or ….. / …….. otherwise …….. /
*who / whom / which / that / whose / as / but
(LOOK AT THE BOOKLET “ SPECTRUM” TO SEE THE USE OF EACH WARD)

As well as :
Both and , not only …………. But تستخدم مثل
- I’m interested in music
- My brother is interested in music
- I, as well as my brother, am interested in music.
But – yet – however – nevertheless :
أدوات ربط جملتين بسيطتين متناقضتين ( contrast )

- He is rather old . - His wife is young
* He is rather old but ( yet – however ) his wife is young.
- He is blind. - He could find his way.
* He was blind however ( but – nevertheless ) he could find his way

Thus – so – therefore – hence – consequently :
أدوات ربط جملتين والجملة الثنية تكون نتيجةr esalt للجملة الثانية وأي أداة تحل محل الأخرى
- Shaimaa was sick. -She went to the doctor.
* Shaimaa was sick consequently ( hence ) she went to the doctor.

Either ……… or - or ………. Otherwise الاختيار - You must study hard . -You will not get high marks.
- You must study hard Otherwise ( or ) you will not get high marks.
أما إذا كان الفاعلين مختلفين فإن الفعل يتبع الفاعل الثاني :
Either I or he is to blame.

Who – whom – which ( that ) – whose – as – but :
(LOOK AT THE BOOKLET “ SPECTRUM”)
This is not such a good result as I hoped.
This is not plant but requires water.

The complex sentence : الجملة المعقدة
تتكون الجملة المعقدة من :-
1 – جملة رئيسية principal clause وهذه تؤدي معنى كامل بمفردها
2 – جملة فرعية أو أكثرsubordinate clause وهذه لا يمكن أن تؤدي معنى كامل بمفردها
He missed the train , because he didn’t hurry.
تنقسم الجملة المعقدة إلى ثلاث أجزاء :
1 – الجملة الاسمية ( التي تؤدي عمل الاسم ) Noun clause
2 – الجملة الوصفية ( التي تؤدي عمل الصفة ) Adjective clause
الأسماء الموصولة + v . to be أو أي فعل مناسب + الصفة
The man who is wise can solve his problems.
The man who is intelligent can overcome his problems.
People who are living in Alexandria enjoy the sea.
3 – الجملة الظرفية ( التي تؤدي عمل الظرف ) adverbial clause وهي لها أنواع عديدة تختلف باختلاف أدوات الربط التابعة لها .
A : Clause of Purpose :

clause phrase
That to
so that may in order to + inf
in the hope that + s . + might + inf so as to
in order that
for
with the aim of + noun
with the intention of

* He studies hard so that he may succeed.
- He studies hard in order to succeed.
- He studies hard with the aim of succeed.

* They went to Benha in the hope that they might enjoy the fresh air.
- They went to Benha so as to enjoy the fresh air.
- They went to Benha for enjoying the fresh air.

clause phrase
Least

For fear that + s. + should + inf. So as not to + inf.
For fear of + noun


* Ismail got up early for fear that he should miss the train.
- Ismail got up early so as not to miss the train.
- Ismail got up early for fear of missing the train.

B: Clause of result:

clause phrase

So + adj./adv. + that الصفة + enough for + الفاعل الثاني +to + inf
Such + + that Too + adj. + to + inf.

* Dalia was so clever that she passed the examination
* Dalia was such clever girl that she passed the examination
* Dalia had such cleverness that she passed the examination.
* So clever was she that she passed the examination.
* Such a clever girl was she that she passed the examination.
- Dalia was clever enough to pass the examination.
* We were so impatient that we couldn’t wait any longer.
- We were too impatient to wait any longer.

* Some people are so short sighted that they can not appreciate matters.
- Some people are too short sighted to appreciate matters.

* Our soldiers were so brave that they distorted the enemy.
- Our soldiers were brave enough to distorted the enemy.

C. Clause of cause .

clause phrase

Because – for – since – as because of / owing to / on account of / for
/ as result of / due to / thanks to
/being + adj. / for lack of. + noun


* Eman stayed in bed as she was ill .
- Eman stayed in bed as a result of her illness .
- Being ill Eman stayed in bed .

*He could over come his difficulties (since/because/as) he was intelligent .
- Thanks to his intelligence , he could over come his difficulties .

* He couldn’t marry because he hadn’t enough money .
- For lack of money he couldn’t marry .

D. Clause of contrast .

Clause phrase
Although /though /even though in spite of
Even if /however /whatever /as despite
for all + noun
Not with standing
Regard less of
* Although / though / he was poor he was happy
* Even though he was poor he was happy .
* Poor though he was , he was happy .
- In spite of his poverty he was happy .
استعمالهم واحد even though / if though / although
* What ever the results may be he will travel to Italy .
- Regardless of the results , he will travel to Italy .
ولكن يأتى بعدها إسم although بدلا من what ever يمكن استعمال
* He can climb the tree however high it is .
- He can climb the tree not with standing its highness .
ولكن يجب أن تأتي بعدها صفة although بدلا من however ** يمكن استعمال

* Clever as he was ,Ahmed could not answer.
* Although he was clever, Ahmed could not answer.
- Despite / for all his cleverness, Ahmed could not answer.
• إذا جاءت as بعد صفة فإنها تعني although
E: Clause of time:

Clause
While – when (as) – till – until-
since – after- before – as soon as-
no sooner……than……
hardly………when…..
scarcely…….when….. phrase
During/ on
Till / since/ after/ + noun

Immediately on + noun
Immediately after


* While (as) Mona was studying her lessons, the light went out
- Studying her lessons, the light went out.
- During her studying , the light went out.

* When ( as ) the enemy saw our brave soldiers, he ran away.
- On seeing our brave soldier, the enemy ran away.

* She waited for me till ( until ) I returned.
- She waited for me till my return.

* I haven’t seen her since she departed.
- I haven’t seen her since she departing ( departure).

* After I had finished my work, I went home.
- After finishing my work, I went home
- Having finished my work, I went home.

* I had no sooner reached the station than the train left.
- No sooner had I reached the station than the train left.
- Immediately on reaching the station, the train left.
يتبع

[شلمار]

F. CLAUSE OF CONDITION


Clause Phrase

Were, had should, If, If not, In case of , With, by + noun
Unless, should not , were not, had not But for, without + noun


* If he succeeded , he would join in university.
* Were he to succeed, he would join the university.
- In case of his success, he would join the university.
- In case of his succeeding, he would join the university.
* If I had not helped him, he would have died.
* Unless I had helped him, he would have died.
- But for my help, he would have died.
- Without my help, he would have died.

G. CLAUSE OF MANNER

clause phrase
As كما According to
In accordance with + noun

As if – as though كما لو كان Like + n./ in + adj. + way

• They answered as I instructed them.
- They answered in accordance with my instructions.
• He did it just as his father ordered him.
- He did it according to his father order.
• He walks proudly as if he were a king.
• He walks proudly like a king.
- He walks proudly in a kingly way.

H. CLAUSE OF COMPARISON

Clause Phrase
( as- as ) equal in + n.
( not so – as ) [ not ]
( than ) equally + adj.


* She is as short as her mother.
- They are equal in shortness.
- They are equally short.
* Faten is not so clever as Mai is.
- They are not equal in cleverness.
- They are not equally clever.
* I’m stronger than he is.
- We are not equal in strength.
- We are not equally strong.

NOUN CLAUSES
من الممكن تحويل الاسم إلى جملة اسمية باستعمال أدوات الربط الآتية:-
What - Where – Who – Why – How- That – When – How many - How much – How wide…. etc……
* What she said made me angry.
- Her words ( speech ) made me angry.
* That she failed, was unexpected.
- Her failure, was unexpected.
* Tell me where you live.
- Tell me your address.
* I know who wrote this book.
- I know the writer of this book.
* No one knows why he travelled.
- No one knows the reason of his travel.
* He told me when he arrived.
- He told me the time of his arrival.
* The woman doesn’t know how many children she got.
- The woman doesn’t know the number of her children.
* Ola knows how she makes Mahshi.
- Ola knows how to make Mahshi.
- Ola knows the way of making Mahshi.

* We hope that he succeed.
- We hope for his success.
* Do you know how wide our school is?
- Do you know the width of our school?
* Ask the worker how deep the well is.
-Ask the worker the depth of the well.
* Do you know how much this house costs?
- Do you know the cost of this house?

Join the following sentences together so as to make complex sentences, containing time clauses:
1- He returned home. He has not got out.
2- He reached the top of the mountain. He fell down.
3- I shall wait for you. You return.
4- He was running quickly. He fell down.
5- He fell down. They caught him.
6- We started running. We returned.
7- Napoleon had invaded some countries. He was beaten.
8- We were flying at full speed. The aeroplane landed suddenly.
9- He started walking. He fell down dead.
10- He went away. He has not sent me a letter.

Change into simple sentences.
1- I was happy when I heard the news of my success.
2- While I was walking along the street, I met him.
3- After he had done his homework, he went out.
4- Think carefully before you give your decision.
5- I’ll wait for your till / until you arrive.
6- I’ve not seen him since he visited me last month.
7- I remembered him as soon as I met him.
8- No sooner had he entered the class than he left it .
9- Hardly had the plane taken off when it landed .

Do as shown in brackets :
1- He talked so much that he annoyed me .
2- He spoke very politely . Everyone praised him.
3- He is such a careless boy ………. .
4- Such a clever boy ( he was – was he – had he ) that he got full marks .
5- He is such a foolish pupil that he is always a failure .
6- He spoke very clearly . Everyone listened to him.
7- He spent so much money ………. .
8- He was very brave . He never yielded .
9- He was such a brave leader that He never yielded.
10- The question is………difficult that I never cannot answer it.
11- He was such a clever boy that he has got full marks.
12- So quickly (did the train move – the train moved – moved the train) that he could not catch it.
13- He ran so quickly that he caught the train.
14- He was to lazy to succeed.
15- The lesson was so easy that we could understand it. ( Begin with : So)
( Join using : so ……. that)
( complete )
(Choose the correct answer )

( Begin with : such )
(Join using: so… that)

(complete )
(Join using: So … that)
( Begin with : Such )

( Fill in the space )

(Change into a simple sentence)

(Choose the correct answer)

(use : enough to)
( use : so …… that)


Do as required in brackets :
1. Despite her beauty , no one proposed to her .
(Change into a simple sentence )
2. He failed in spite of his cleverness . ( Use : although )
3. Generous as he was , no one loved him . ( Use : although )
4. Regardless of his stupidity , he succeeded . ( Use : although )
5. ( Although – despite – regardless of ) he was rich , he was unhappy .
( Choose the correct word )
6. Poor as he is , he is proud . ( Simple sentence )
7. Regardless of his wealth , he asked me to lend him a pound .
( Use : although )
8. In spite of his innocence, he was punished. (use : although )
9. However unlucky she was, she felt happy.
(change into a complex sentence )

Choose the correct words in brackets :
1. He could not come ( until – while – because ) he was busy .
2. He was able to pass his exams ( until – before – since ) his teacher helped him .
3. The teacher punished him ( when – as soon as – since ) he was careless .
4. He could climb the hill ( thus – then – as ) he is strong and healthy .
5. ( Hardly – as soon as – as ) you are tired , you had better rest .
6. he could bend the iron bar ( since – as a result – till ) he was strong .
7. ( Because – till – as soon as ) he is dishonest , he did not repay the money he borrowed , from me .

Change into the complex sentences into simple sentences or vice-versa :
1. He succeeded because he was clever .
2. He did not go to school since he was ill .
3. He was loved owing to his politeness .
4. I cannot believe him because he tells lies .
5. He ran quickly as he was late .
6. I am going to bed because of feeling tired .
7. He failed in the exam owing to his carelessness .
8. He came late as he missed the train .
9. He took his umbrella because it was raining .
10. He can’t go to school owing to his illness .

Change into simple sentences.
1- She spoke as if she were afraid.
2- She looked at me as though she wished to frighten me. يرعبني
3- He did it as ( just as ) I ordered him.
4- He ran as if he was running for his life.
5- He talks as if he knew every thing.
6- He walked as though he were a peacock.
7- She ran as quickly as it she were a deer.
8- The house seems as if it were a palace.

Change the following clauses into phrases and vice-versa.
1- She is of my intelligence.
2- She is the shorter of us.
3- We are equal in strength.
4- They are equal in courage.
5- She is of her sister’s beauty.
6- I am as poor as he (is).
7- He is poorer than I (am).
8- She is not so charming as her sister (is).
9- We are of the same beauty.
10 - She is not of our wealth.

يتبع

[شلمار]

Change the simple sentences into complex sentences and vice-versa:
1- I met Aly while I was walking on the bridge.
2- He met me where the street begins.
3- She acted as I had advised her.
4- He fought bravely as if he were a lion.
5- He did not go to school since he was tired.
6- We worked hard last year in order that we might succeed.
7- He studies hard lest he should fail.
8- The pupil worked so hard that he succeeded.
9- She was such a charming girl that she turned his head.
10- Although she was beautiful no one proposed to her.
11- In case of success, I’ll go abroad.
12- Unless he came early , he would be punched.
13- I should have helped him if he had told me.
14- Had he taken my advice, he would have worked hard.
15- He was such a lazy boy that he could not succeed.
16- He ran quickly for fear that he should miss the train.
17- We were all present when he came.
18- As soon as the thief saw the policeman , he ran away.
19- Unless he works hard, he will fall.
20- If the Nile did not flow through Egypt, it would be a desert.
21- The sun is so hot that no one can exist on it.
22- As soon as I saw him, I told him what had happened.
23- Whatever faults he may have, miserliness is not one of them.
24- Although the children come from poor home, they are quite well behaved.
25- He ran quickly enough to catch me.
26- In case of illness, I go to doctor.
27- When he died, his children wept much.
28- If it had not been for my help, he would have been drowned.
29- But for his help, I would have droned.
30- In case of illness, I go to a doctor.

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Subject Page
Words order in simple statement
TENSES
Simple tenses
Continuous tenses
Perfect tenses
Perfect continuous tenses
Conjugation of common irregular verbs
RULES
General exercises on tenses
How to make a question
Negation
Comparison of adjectives
Conditional statement (IF)
Active and passive voice
Causative (HAVE)
Direct & Indirect (Reported Speech)
1- statement
2- question
3- command & request
4- exclamation
Prepositions
Kinds of sentences
1- simple sentences
2- compound sentences
3- complex sentences
Clause & Phrase
A- clause of purpose
B- clause of result
C- clause of cause
D- clause of contrast
E- clause of time
F- clause of condition
G- clause of manner
H- clause of comparison
Noun Clause


م\ ق

[الشفق]

هنا ثراء معرفي كبير
طبعا لو كلفنا انفسنا بقراءة
تلك القواعد وحفظ الكلمات اجزم
ان مردوده سيكون كبير وكبير جدا على قارءها
طبعا مهم جدا لابناءنا الطلاب وننصح بقراءته جيدا
موضوع رائع ومفيد ومميز ..
من صاحبة الامتياز نبض شفق الراقيه * شلمار
شكرا لك ي انيقه بلاحدود كنتِ وما زلتِ وستظلِ ان شاء الله
الرقم الصعب بمنتديات شفق لأدبيه كل قسم من اقسامه بل كل
متصفح من متصفحاته يشهد لك بقصة ابداع وامتاع ..

طابت لك الحياه بسعاده ودامت اطلالتك نورا يضيء فضاءات شفق
وتقييي ومودتي

الشفق