KINDS OF SENTENCES
1- الجملة البسيطة The simple sentence
2- الجملة المركبة The compound sentence
3- الجملة المعقدة The complex sentence
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE:-
تتكون من فاعل + فعل أساسي واحد + مفعول به
Two Simple sentences
1- The soldiers are on the front lines.
2- They protect our lines.
One combined sentence.
* The soldiers on the front lines
Protect our lines.
عبارة وصفية (adjectival phrase )
1- He had finished his composition.
2- He revised it * Having finished his
composition he revised it.
تعبير من اسم الفاعل (participial phrase)
1- Mancy wrote his composition.
2 – No one helped him. * He wrote his composition
Without help from any one.
( preposition )
1- He went to Atreeb.
2- He wished to visit Mr. Akmal. * He went to Atreeb to visit
Mr. Akmal.
( the infinitive)
1- Desokey was weak.
2- He could not walk. * Desokey was too weak
To walk. (the infinitive )
THE COMPOUND SENTENCE
تتكون من جملتين بسيطتين مربوطتين بأداة ربط معينة مثل :-
and / and so / and nor / both … and …/ neither … nor…/
..not only ….but also…/ not only……but ……as well / as well as/
*but / yet / however/ nevertheless /
*thus / so / therefore / hence / consequently /
*either ……. Or ….. / …. Or ….. / …….. otherwise …….. /
*who / whom / which / that / whose / as / but
(LOOK AT THE BOOKLET “ SPECTRUM” TO SEE THE USE OF EACH WARD)
As well as :
Both and , not only …………. But تستخدم مثل
- I’m interested in music
- My brother is interested in music
- I, as well as my brother, am interested in music.
But – yet – however – nevertheless :
أدوات ربط جملتين بسيطتين متناقضتين ( contrast )
- He is rather old . - His wife is young
* He is rather old but ( yet – however ) his wife is young.
- He is blind. - He could find his way.
* He was blind however ( but – nevertheless ) he could find his way
Thus – so – therefore – hence – consequently :
أدوات ربط جملتين والجملة الثنية تكون نتيجةr esalt للجملة الثانية وأي أداة تحل محل الأخرى
- Shaimaa was sick. -She went to the doctor.
* Shaimaa was sick consequently ( hence ) she went to the doctor.
Either ……… or - or ………. Otherwise الاختيار - You must study hard . -You will not get high marks.
- You must study hard Otherwise ( or ) you will not get high marks.
أما إذا كان الفاعلين مختلفين فإن الفعل يتبع الفاعل الثاني :
Either I or he is to blame.
Who – whom – which ( that ) – whose – as – but :
(LOOK AT THE BOOKLET “ SPECTRUM”)
This is not such a good result as I hoped.
This is not plant but requires water.
The complex sentence : الجملة المعقدة
تتكون الجملة المعقدة من :-
1 – جملة رئيسية principal clause وهذه تؤدي معنى كامل بمفردها
2 – جملة فرعية أو أكثرsubordinate clause وهذه لا يمكن أن تؤدي معنى كامل بمفردها
He missed the train , because he didn’t hurry.
تنقسم الجملة المعقدة إلى ثلاث أجزاء :
1 – الجملة الاسمية ( التي تؤدي عمل الاسم ) Noun clause
2 – الجملة الوصفية ( التي تؤدي عمل الصفة ) Adjective clause
الأسماء الموصولة + v . to be أو أي فعل مناسب + الصفة
The man who is wise can solve his problems.
The man who is intelligent can overcome his problems.
People who are living in Alexandria enjoy the sea.
3 – الجملة الظرفية ( التي تؤدي عمل الظرف ) adverbial clause وهي لها أنواع عديدة تختلف باختلاف أدوات الربط التابعة لها .
A : Clause of Purpose :
clause phrase
That to
so that may in order to + inf
in the hope that + s . + might + inf so as to
in order that
for
with the aim of + noun
with the intention of
* He studies hard so that he may succeed.
- He studies hard in order to succeed.
- He studies hard with the aim of succeed.
* They went to Benha in the hope that they might enjoy the fresh air.
- They went to Benha so as to enjoy the fresh air.
- They went to Benha for enjoying the fresh air.
clause phrase
Least
For fear that + s. + should + inf. So as not to + inf.
For fear of + noun
* Ismail got up early for fear that he should miss the train.
- Ismail got up early so as not to miss the train.
- Ismail got up early for fear of missing the train.
B: Clause of result:
clause phrase
So + adj./adv. + that الصفة + enough for + الفاعل الثاني +to + inf
Such + + that Too + adj. + to + inf.
* Dalia was so clever that she passed the examination
* Dalia was such clever girl that she passed the examination
* Dalia had such cleverness that she passed the examination.
* So clever was she that she passed the examination.
* Such a clever girl was she that she passed the examination.
- Dalia was clever enough to pass the examination.
* We were so impatient that we couldn’t wait any longer.
- We were too impatient to wait any longer.
* Some people are so short sighted that they can not appreciate matters.
- Some people are too short sighted to appreciate matters.
* Our soldiers were so brave that they distorted the enemy.
- Our soldiers were brave enough to distorted the enemy.
C. Clause of cause .
clause phrase
Because – for – since – as because of / owing to / on account of / for
/ as result of / due to / thanks to
/being + adj. / for lack of. + noun
* Eman stayed in bed as she was ill .
- Eman stayed in bed as a result of her illness .
- Being ill Eman stayed in bed .
*He could over come his difficulties (since/because/as) he was intelligent .
- Thanks to his intelligence , he could over come his difficulties .
* He couldn’t marry because he hadn’t enough money .
- For lack of money he couldn’t marry .
D. Clause of contrast .
Clause phrase
Although /though /even though in spite of
Even if /however /whatever /as despite
for all + noun
Not with standing
Regard less of
* Although / though / he was poor he was happy
* Even though he was poor he was happy .
* Poor though he was , he was happy .
- In spite of his poverty he was happy .
استعمالهم واحد even though / if though / although
* What ever the results may be he will travel to Italy .
- Regardless of the results , he will travel to Italy .
ولكن يأتى بعدها إسم although بدلا من what ever يمكن استعمال
* He can climb the tree however high it is .
- He can climb the tree not with standing its highness .
ولكن يجب أن تأتي بعدها صفة although بدلا من however ** يمكن استعمال
* Clever as he was ,Ahmed could not answer.
* Although he was clever, Ahmed could not answer.
- Despite / for all his cleverness, Ahmed could not answer.
• إذا جاءت as بعد صفة فإنها تعني although
E: Clause of time:
Clause
While – when (as) – till – until-
since – after- before – as soon as-
no sooner……than……
hardly………when…..
scarcely…….when….. phrase
During/ on
Till / since/ after/ + noun
Immediately on + noun
Immediately after
* While (as) Mona was studying her lessons, the light went out
- Studying her lessons, the light went out.
- During her studying , the light went out.
* When ( as ) the enemy saw our brave soldiers, he ran away.
- On seeing our brave soldier, the enemy ran away.
* She waited for me till ( until ) I returned.
- She waited for me till my return.
* I haven’t seen her since she departed.
- I haven’t seen her since she departing ( departure).
* After I had finished my work, I went home.
- After finishing my work, I went home
- Having finished my work, I went home.
* I had no sooner reached the station than the train left.
- No sooner had I reached the station than the train left.
- Immediately on reaching the station, the train left.
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